Resources: Finance & Trade

OFFICE OF WOMEN'S BUSINESS OWNERSHIP (OWBO) OWBO is helping women start and build successful businesses and provide programs to help women put together successful loan packages or break into the federal procurement and export markets. OWBO has loan guarantee programs to help those who are not able to get lending through conventional channels finance their businesses and offer training, advice and counseling anytime, anywhere via the Internet. This site features their services and programs. http://www.sba.gov/womeninbusiness/

BEYOND CREDIT: A SUBSECTOR APPROACH TO PROMOTING WOMEN'S ENTERPRISES Martha Chen (Ed.) Beyond Credit introduces participatory subsector analysis as an effective approach to promoting women's enterprises, identifying new and growth sectors of economic activity to help ensure that poor women are appropriately trained. Includes case studies from Bangladesh, India, Nigeria, Ghana, Chile, the Philippines and Canada. 1996. paper; 151 pp. ISBN 0-969662-0-2 US$19.95

AN END TO DEBT: OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR CREDIT PROJECTS Ellen Pruyne (Ed.) Operational Guidelines for Credit Projects Ellen Pruyne (Ed.) This book, based on projects of the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and its partner organizations, addresses each stage of the project cycle in establishing or managing a credit programme for women, relevant issues and decisions to be made at each stage, and policies to guide those decisions. 1993. 111 pages. ISBN 0-912917-44-X WE037Z US$15.95 Also available in Spanish and French. This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091291744X/qid=932567715/sr=1-1/002-1060514-8742442

FINANCING WOMEN'S ENTERPRISES: BEYOND BARRIERS AND BIAS Thea Hilhorst and Harry Oppenoorth Integrating numerous experiences of financial programmes with insights from gender studies and women and development programmes, Financing Women's Enterprises examines the need of poor, self-employed women for financial services, and analyses the ways this demand is presently met. It suggests methods to ensure access to adequate financing and financial services. 1992. paper; 96 pp. ISBN 90-6832-705-4 This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9068327054/qid%3D932567781/002-1060514-8742442

VILLAGE BANKING: THE STATE OF THE PRACTICE From its roots in Central and South America in the 1980s, village banking is now creating autonomous institutions in more than 28 countries, enabling very poor communities, especially women, to accumulate and manage assets. This book analyses the experience of 68 programmes, their organisational structures, their strategies for attaining self-sufficiency, and their impact. 1996. paper; 100 pp. ISBN 0-912-917-39-3 US$12.95

GENDER AND COMMAND OVER PROPERTY: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOUTH ASIA Bina Agarwal This monograph focuses on the links between gender inequities and command over property in rural South Asia where a complex range of factors underlie the persistent gap between women's legal rights and their actual ownership of land. It also discusses the necessity of collective action to overcome these obstacles, and aspects needing a specific focus for policy and action. 1994. 51 pages. ISBN 81-85107-31-9 WE319Z US$8.00

SPEAKING OUT: WOMEN'S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN SOUTH ASIA Marilyn Carr, Martha Chen and Renana Jhabvala (Eds.) Drawing together the experiences of seven South Asian NGOs in organizing rural and urban poor women for economic empowerment, Speaking Out throws new light on how changes are occurring at the grassroots level, and analyses and defines economic empowerment from the perspective of women themselves. Case studies. 1996. 238 pages. ISBN 1-85339-382-7 WE264Z US$18.95

THE STRATEGIC SILENCE: GENDER AND ECONOMIC POLICY Isabel Bakker This book makes a unique contribution to the literature on restructuring and adjustment. It applies feminist scholarship to macroeconomics, discusses current macroeconomic methods and policies, and proposes elements of a more gender-aware economics. It also offers reflections on state, economy, and household relations based on research and case studies from Canada, Indonesia, Turkey, Mexico, Iran, and Chile. 1995. 170 pages. ISBN 1-85649-262-1 WE232Z US$17.50

WOMAN'S ROLE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Ester Boserup Boserup analyses how women have been affected by the breakdown in village-based production and by male migration to cities, and proposes new forms of education for women to ensure their participation in the modern labour force. This new edition of her classic work is superb background for those concerned with women's role in the development process.1989. 288 pages. ISBN 1-853-83-0402 WE111Z US$19.90 This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853830402/qid=932568051/sr=1-2/002-1060514-8742442

WOMEN, MEN AND ECONOMICS. THE GENDER-DIFFERENTIATED IMPACT OF MACROECONOMICS Lorraine Corner This monograph is especially concerned with the gender-differentiated consequences of the sometimes unrecognized impact of macroeconomic policy on individual women and men in developing countries. Although economics may not be accountable for all of the policies developed and implemented in the pursuit of macroeconomic goals, the lack of gender-awareness which characterises the economics profession and its activities is partly a consequence of certain defects and deficiencies in its methodological apparatus. Despite some important advances in a number of areas of theory, the failure of economics to adequately incorporate gender into its models and concerns remains a fundamental weakness. 1997. 82 pages. ISBN 0-912917-47-4 WE382Z US$9.95 This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912917474/qid=932568088/sr=1-1/002-1060514-8742442

WORKING TOWARDS A MORE GENDER-EQUITABLE MACRO-ECONOMIC AGENDA UNRISD While the negative effects of structural adjustment policies on women's daily lives have been increasingly recognised, the link between gender relations and macro-economics has received far less attention. This highly useful report fills the gap by offering a simple overview of the conceptual basis, politics and direction for a feminist macro-economic agenda. Coming out of a workshop of the same name held in Bangladesh in 1996, the report also includes the findings presented by five national research teams: Bangladesh, Jamaica, Morocco, Uganda and Viet Nam. Providing at once a theoretical framework and examples of practical implementation, it is essential reading for development specialists and policy makers. List of references. 1997. 59 pages. ISSN 1020-1092. WE373Z US$8.00

GENDER AND JOBS: SEX SEGREGATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN THE WORLD Richard Anker The segregation of men and women into different occupations is one of the most important and enduring aspects of labour markets around the world. Women continue to have lower paying and lower status jobs and female-dominated occupations tend to replicate the activities women perform at home. Based on unusually detailed ILO data and covering a large number of countries as well as a broad range (17 from Europe, 5 from the Americas, 6 from the Middle East and North Africa, 6 from Asia, 3 from the Pacific and 4 from Africa), this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the current situation. It will be invaluable to policy-makers, researchers and anyone interested in the situation of women. 1998. 444 pages. ISBN 92-2-109524-X WE407 US$40.0 This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/922109524X/qid=932568121/sr=1-3/002-1060514-8742442

HOMEWORKERS IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE : INVISIBLE NO MORE Eileen Boris and Elisabeth Pr�gl (Eds.) This book brings together the voices of policy experts, activists, feminist scholars and homeworkers themselves to takes us inside the world of this often invisible and marginalised group. It also shows how homeworkers have emerged from the shadows in recent years to take part in a global struggle to gain recognition, better wages and social security. 1996. 327 pages. ISBN 0-415-91007-2 WE340Z US$19.99 This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415910072/qid=932568198/sr=1-6/002-1060514-8742442

NO SWEAT: FASHION, FREE TRADE AND THE RIGHTS OF GARMENT WORKERS Andrew Ross (Ed.) No Sweat includes contributions from workers, activists, labour lawyers, trade unionists, industry executives, journalists and academics who are challenging the inequities of the new global economy. It puts the issue of labour squarely alongside the issue of style by looking, for example, at the connections between child labour in Bangladesh and runway couture in Milan, Paris and New York. Photographs; list of contacts. 1997. 314 pages. ISBN 1-85984-172-4 WE363Z US$17.95 This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1859841724/qid=932568233/sr=1-10/002-1060514-8742442

WOMEN, EMPLOYMENT AND EXCLUSION Caroline Sweetman (Ed.) This collection examines the main concerns about the employment of women worldwide. It explores the increase in women's participation in the paid work-force, and the implications of the deregulation of markets and `flexible' working conditions. It notes that women are still concentrated in low-skilled jobs and over-represented in `informal' occupations which are the most precarious and worst paid. List of resources; bibliography. 1996. 64 pages. ISBN 0-85598-364-7 WE293Z US$12.95 This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0855983647/qid=932568402/sr=1-48/002-1060514-8742442

WORK INTENSITY, GENDER AND WELL-BEING Cecile Jackson and Richard Palmer-Jones Employment is central to current understandings of poverty and well-being, as well as to prescriptions for poverty reduction. Labour-intensive growth and greater labour force participation are major policy recommendations in the New Poverty Agenda of the 90s. They are also prominent elements in the discourse on women and development. This paper looks at work intensity as an important but neglected quality of labour and critically reviews the way work intensity is dealt with. The authors argue that work intensity has significant gendered effects on well-being and point to several policies espoused by the development community--and often assumed to reduce poverty--that actually worsen the conditions of the poor. Bibliography; summary in French and Spanish. 1998. 38 pages. ISSN 1012-6511. WE427 US$5.00

DOING A FEASIBILITY STUDY : TRAINING ACTIVITIES FOR STARTING OR REVIEWING A SMALL BUSINESS Suzanne Kindervatter (Ed.) This training manual, for women who want to start or expand a business, explores a range of enterprise options and assists in developing a business plan and budget. Written at a very basic level, it explains how to research the viability of an enterprise, investigate market demands, and make cost and income projections. 1987. 170 pages. ISBN 0-912917-07-5 WE004Z US$17.00 This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912917075/qid=932568894/sr=1-1/002-1060514-8742442

EXPORT MARKETING FOR A SMALL HANDICRAFT BUSINESS Edward Millard Ideal for the small-scale handicraft producer, this manual discusses: reaching and maintaining contact with customers; designing and producing for overseas markets; packaging; quality control; and the formalities and documentation of exporting. 1992. 184 pages. ISBN 1-85339-106-9 WE039BZ US$19.50 This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853393525/qid=932568937/sr=1-1/002-1060514-8742442

FAIDIKA! BUSINESS TRAINING FOR WOMEN'S GROUPS: THE TOTOTO WAY Kevin Kane Faidika, a Swahili word meaning "profit," is a business skills training manual based on practical experience in Kenya. Embodying a participatory and nonformal education approach, the 14 easy-to-follow lessons deal with basic business topics ranging from start up to profit and loss, cash control, bookkeeping and financial statements, to feasibility analysis, business planning, and marketing. 1993. 66 pages. ISBN 0-914262-13 WE177Z US$20.00

GETTING DOWN TO BUSINESS: A TRAINING MANUAL FOR BUSINESSWOMEN Uschi Kraus-Harper and Malcolm Harper This book is an invaluable resource for designing, managing or conducting business training for women, with detailed guidelines for a 29-session course. 1992. 166 pages. ISBN 1-85339-113-1 WE041Z US$23.00

MARKETING STRATEGY: TRAINING ACTIVITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURS Suzanne Kindervatter with Maggie Range This handbook utilizes an innovative board game--"Marketing Mix"--which is especially effective with groups of varying literacy skills. Designed for women with existing businesses, the game introduces key aspects of marketing: product, distribution, promotion and price. After playing, participants identify concrete ways to increase sales and improve practices. 1986. 96 pages; includes game board. ISBN 0-912917-08-3 WE005Z US$15.50

A QUESTION OF ACCESS : TRAINING WORKSHOPS ON PLANNING CREDIT PROJECTS THAT TAKE WOMEN INTO ACCOUNT This participatory training manual from UNIFEM is designed to raise awareness about gender issues in credit projects. Structured for a 5-7 day workshop, the manual follows the components of the project cycle: Project Identification, Formulation, Implementation, Monitoring, and Transition. Case studies from Asia, Latin America, and Africa; handouts. 1995. 180 pages. ISBN 0-912917-36-9 WE147Z US$15.95

GLOBAL TRADING PRACTICES AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN SOUTH ASIA. A GENDER PERSPECTIVE Aasha Kapur Mehta and Camilla Otto Developed from a regional seminar on women and trade (New Delhi, 1995) that involved 40 participants from South Asia, this book from UNIFEM includes background papers on gender biases in macroeconomics and trade liberalisation and country papers that present an overview of national economic trends and their impact on women. Case studies. 1996. 283 pages. ISBN 0-912917-47-4 WE310Z US$9.95

WOMEN AND THE NEW TRADE AGENDA Susan Joekes and Ann Weston This UNIFEM title reviews recent trends and issues in world trade, analyses lessons learned from export-oriented strategies in different countries and regions, and considers the potential of trade-related employment for women. It includes recommendations for advocacy work to ensure that women's economic prospects are protected by regional and global trade agreements. 1995. 100 pages. ISBN 0-912917-34-2 WE159Z US$7.95

ENGENDERING INTERNATIONAL TRADE: Concepts, Policy, and Action Lourdes Bener�a and Amy Lind Cornell University presented by The Gender, Science and Development Programme and the United Nations Development Fund for Women GSD Working Paper Series No. 5, July 1995 http://www.ifias.ca/GSD/Beneria.Contents.html

GENDER FRONT & CENTRE: AN APEC PRIMER Heather Gibb, published by The North-South Institute, The Canadian International Development Agency and UNIFEM, 1997. This "primer", Gender Front and Centre, has been developed as a contribution to the second meeting of the Women Leaders' Network (WLN) in APEC Economies, held in Hull, Canada, September 13-16, 1997. The WLN is an informal network of women in business, government, academe, and civil society from the countries that comprise APEC. Its objective is to promote integration of gender perspectives in APEC's work. The primer examines APEC's structures and work program through a gendered lens, to see how gender differences are addressed in the organization's policy and programs. Thus, it will be of interest to those seeking information on what APEC is, how it functions, and how to engage with APEC. It also sets out, as "key considerations," suggestions on how the WLN and others might engage with APEC to secure gender equality objectives. http://www.nsi-ins.ca/pubs/apec/index.html

GENDER IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION (with specific reference to the Asian financial crisis. Marilyn Carr, Senior Economic Advisor, UNIFEM, 1998. Roundtable on the specific implications of the effects of the Asian Financial Crisis on women in Asia. This event took place during the International Women's Week, sponsored by the Women in Development and Gender Equity Division, Policy Branch, CIDA Ottawa, March 10th 1998 http://www.unifem.undp.org/pap_cida.htm

GLOBAL TRADING PRACTICES AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN SOUTH ASIA: REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON WOMEN AND TRADE Aasha Kapur Mehta and Camilla Otto, 1996, US$9.95. The first in a series of regional publications from UNIFEM on the impact of trade liberalisation on women, this publication includes recommendations from a regional seminar on women and trade (New Delhi, 1995). The seminar - organized in response to growing concerns from the women's movement in South Asia about the impact of trade liberalisation on women in the region, involved 40 participants from India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan. The book also includes background papers on gender biases in macroeconomics and trade liberalisation; case studies that explore the impact of trade liberalisation on specific industrial sectors; and country papers that present an overview of national economic trends and their impact on women.

AN END TO DEBT: INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR CREDIT PROJECTS. Edited by Ellen Pruyne, 1993 This book, most useful to those directly involved in establishing or managing a credit programme for women, addresses each stage of the project cycle, highlights relevant issues and decisions to be made at each stage, and recommends policies to guide those decisions. It is based on the experience of the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and its partner organizations over the past 15 years in the effective implementation of the projects to ensure access to affordable credit for poor women. This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/generic-quicksearch-query/002-1060514-8742442

FINANCING WOMEN'S ENTERPRISES: BEYOND BARRIERS AND BIAS By Thea Hilhorst and Harry Oppernoorth, 1992, US$18.95. Integrating numerous experiences of financial programmes with insights from gender studies and women and development programmes, Financing Women's Enterprises examines the need of poor, self-employed women for financial services, analyses the ways this demand is presently met, and suggests methods to ensure access to adequate financing and financial services This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9068327054/qid%3D932569464/002-1060514-8742442

A QUESTION OF ACCESS: TRAINING WORKSHOPS ON PLANNING CREDIT PROJECTS THAT TAKE WOMEN INTO ACCOUNT By UNIFEM, 1995, US$15.95. A Question of Access is a participatory training manual designed to raise awareness about gender issues in credit projects. Structured for workshops of 5-7 days, the manual is divided into four modules following the components of the project cycle: Project Identification, Formulation, Implementation, Monitoring, and Transition. The manual was developed with advice from Algeria, Trinidad/Tobago, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Cameroon. Includes: case studies; handouts; overheads.

SPEAKING OUT: WOMEN'S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN SOUTH ASIA Edited by Marilyn Carr, Martha Chen and Rehana Jhabvala, 1996, US$18.95. This volume draws together the experiences of seven South Asian NGOs in organizing rural and urban poor women for economic empowerment. Going beyond the normal descriptive accounts of the work of these NGOs, it throws new light on how changes are occurring at the grassroots level and analyzes and defines economic empowerment from the perspective of women themselves. Through case studies, the book demonstrates how women are gaining increased access to and control over economic resources and how this, in turn, has led to far-reaching socio-cultural and political changes at the individual, family, community and wider economy levels. It also shows how women are now building and taking control of their own organizations which increasingly are becoming more autonomous and financially self-reliant. This book will be of relevance to students of development and women's studies, development planners and practitioners, women's organizations and those with an interest in South Asia. This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853393827/qid=932569501/sr=1-3/002-1060514-8742442

VILLAGE BANKING: THE STATE OF THE PRACTICE Jointly published by UNIFEM and SEEP, 1995, US$12.95. Pioneered by FINCA in the 1980s, village banking is a financial services model that enables poor communities to establish their own credit and saving associations, or, village banks. From its origins in Central America, the model has been replicated and adapted in over 25 countries around the world. It teaches over 90,000 clients, 95% of whom are women. This working paper, written by Candace Nelson, Barbara MkNelly, Kathleen Stack and Lawrence Yanovitch, documents village banking experience globally by examining its methodological adaptations, gender issues, organizational development, self-sufficiency and impact.

WOMEN AND THE NEW TRADE AGENDA By Susan Joekes and Ann Weston, 1995, US$7.95. Women and the New Trade Agenda discusses the prospects and pitfalls of trade liberalization for women. It provides a brief overview of recent trends and issues in world trade and in policy making. It then examines gender-specific outcomes of trade, analyses the lessons learned from export-oriented strategies in the past in different countries and regions, and considers the potential gains and limitations for women of trade-related employment. The book concludes with recommendations for advocacy work targeted at ensuring that women's economic prospects are protected and enhanced by regional and global trade agreements. This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912917342/qid=932569654/sr=1-3/002-1060514-8742442

WHO TAKES THE CREDIT? Gender, Power, and Control over Loan Use in Rural Credit Programmes in Bangladesh Anne Marie Goetz and Rina Sen Gupta IDS Working Paper 8 1994 34pp ISBN 1 85864 012 1 �6.00 can be obtained from: IDS Publications Office, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1273 678269 Fax: +44 (0) 1273 621202 E.mail: [email protected]

THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPANSION ON WOMEN'S WORK Susan Joekes BRIDGE Report 16 1993 25pp ISBN 1 85864 151 9 �6.00 can be obtained from: IDS Publications Office, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1273 678269 Fax: +44 (0) 1273 621202 E.mail: [email protected]

WOMEN IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY: CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY IN THE CURRENT ASIAN ECONOMIC CRISIS http://www.unifem-eseasia.org/Resources/GlobalEconomy/TOC.html This kit is a collaborative undertaking of the United Nations Development Fund for Women, UNIFEM, and the Canadian International Development Agency-Southeast Asia Gender Equity Program, CIDA-SEAGEP. It aims to encourage dialogue and action to better recognize the economic role of women, and therefore to more effectively include women as equal partners, decision makers and beneficiaries in shaping a better future for all in the global marketplace.

NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND THE FUTURE OF WOMEN'S WORK IN ASIA. Workshop Report Cecilia Ng Choon Sim and Anne Munro Kua, editors, 1995: 13-16 September, 1994. Malaysia"; The United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies (UNU/INTECH); The Netherlands.

INDUSTRIAL POLICIES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: NEW TECHNOLOGY AND WOMEN'S WORK. Workshop report Swasti Mitter, editor, 1996: 29-31 March, 1995. New Delhi"; The United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies (UNU/INTECH); The Netherlands.

BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THE STATE AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS. FORMULATING INDUSTRIAL POLICIES AND WOMEN'S WORK FOR THE FUTURE. Workshop report Swasti Mitter and Cecilia Ng Choon Sim, editors, 1996 26-28 March, 1996. Bangkok"; The United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies (UNU/INTECH); The Netherlands.

IDS Seminar Series: GENDER, ECONOMICS AND POLICY: February 4th 1999 The Economy as a Gendered Structure: Evidence from Uganda Barbara Evers, University of Manchester http://www.ids.ac.uk/bridge/seminars.html#marzia

IDS Seminar Series: GENDER, ECONOMICS AND POLICY: 27th January 1999 Women at Work and at Home: Modelling the interactions Marzia Fontana, IDS The models she is developing can be used to examine not only the gender impact of trade liberalisation, but also of policy intervention and economic shocks. Why is modelling useful to gender analysis? How can gender features be incorporated into models? Few models try to incorporate gender concerns, and gender studies often neglect models as a tool for analysis. There do exist some interesting attempts in this regard, as discussed in World Development, issue on Macroeconomics and Gender (1995, 23 11), which describes a useful typology of approaches and provides several examples. However, this area is still at early stages, and much potential remains for expanding the intersection between gender analysis and economic modelling. What is a model and why are they useful? A model is a system of equations, which describe the functioning of the economy, the connections and nature of interactions between different actors and variables, under a set of clearly visible assumptions. Models are based on the assumption of actors rationally maximising an objective, although what the objective is may vary e.g. own or family welfare, income. Male and female objectives may differ. Models are useful in that they force us to describe reality in a way which is logically consistent and complete. They can be used as a laboratory for controlled experiments, so individual factors can be looked at in isolation. How are models constructed? at employment in terms of hours worked, rather than numbers of actual people working, and assumes women work in both household and other sectors, within a time constraint.

WHERE ARE WE IN THE ECONOMICS OF GENDER? THE GENDER PAY GAP Francine D. Blau NBER Working Paper No. W5664 Issued in July 1996 Abstract - Empirical research on gender pay gaps has traditionally focused on the role of gender-specific factors, particularly gender differences in qualifications and differences in the treatment of otherwise equally qualified male and female workers (i.e., labor market discrimination). This paper explores the determinants of the gender pay gap and argues for the importance of an additional factor, wage structure, the array of prices set for labor market skills and the rewards received for employment in favored sectors. Drawing on joint work with Lawrence Kahn, I illustrate the impact of wage structure by presenting empirical results analyzing its effect on international differences in the gender gap and trends over time in the gender differential in the U.S. This paper may be subscribed from the following url: http://nberws.nber.org/papers/W5664

THE EFFECTS OF RISING FEMALE LABOR SUPPLY ON MALE WAGES Chinhui Juhn, Dae Il Kim NBER Working Paper No. W5236 Issued in August 1995 Abstract - This paper examines the extent to which rapid increases in female labor supply contributed to rising wage inequality and to declining real wages of less skilled males during the 1980s. We find that while the male wage declines are concentrated in the 1980s, female labor supply growth slowed in the 1980s relative to the 1970s. Women also increased the relative supply of skill in the economy in the 1980s. We find these findings to be inconsistent with a simple story in which supply shifts among women have played a major role. Instead, they further support the view that demand shifts, rather than supply shifts, have been the underlying cause of declining opportunities for less skilled males and rapid inequality growth in the 1980s. We also use state and SMSA-level data to estimate cross- substitution effects between men and women of different skill types. We find weak evidence that women may be substitutes for high school dropout men and that college educated women may have contributed to wage inequality growth by being better substitutes for high school dropout men than high school graduate men. We end with some suggestive evidence that unmeasured demand shifts which favored skilled female workers over less skilled male workers may be biasing our results towards finding substitution between these two groups. The paper may be subscribed from the following url: http://nberws.nber.org/papers/W5236

Unannotated Bibliography

Berger, Marguerite (1989), "Giving Women Credit: The Strengths and Limitations of Credit as a Tool for Alleviating Poverty" World Development, Volume 17, Number 7, pp. 1017-1032. This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931816793/qid%3D932569899/002-1060514-8742442

Blayney, Robert (1979), "El Salvador Second Urban Project: Impact of Small Scale Enterprise (SSE) Credit Programm on Women Enterpreneurs." Report prepared for the World Bank, Office of the Advisor on Women in Development. Washington DC: The World Bank Mimeo

Blayney, Robert and Lycette, Margaret (1983), "Improving the Access of Women-headed Households to Solanda Housing: A feasible Down Payment Assistance Scheme." Report prepared for USAID/Ecuador. Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women.

Chen, Marta (1996), Beyond Credit: A Subsector Approach to Promoting Women's Enterprises. Aga Khan Foundation Canada.

DeLancey, Virginia (1981). "The Role of Credit Unions in Development for West African Women." Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the African Studies Association, Bloomington, Indiana, October 1981.

Due Jean M. and Summary, Rebecca (1979), "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa". Illinois Agricultural Economics Staff PAper no. 79 E-83. Urbana-Campaign: University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics.

FAO (1984), Promotion of Women's Activities in Marketing and Credit. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.

FAO (1985), Learning from Women: A Manual for Village Level Training to Promote Women's Activities in Marketing. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.

Harper, Malcolm (1992), Their Own Idea: Lessons from Workers' Co-operatives. IT Publications. This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url :http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853391395/qid=932570152/sr=1-11/002-1060514-8742442

Hilhorst, Thea and Harry Oppenoorth (1992), Financing Women's Enterprises. IT Publications and Royal Tropical Institute. This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url : http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9068327054/qid%3D932570179/002-1060514-8742442

ILO (1980). Report of the National Workshop on Income Generation skills for Women in Sri Lanka. Geneva: International Labour Organization.

Jumani, U. (1989). Training for Women in the Informal Sector: The Experience of the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA), Ahmedabad, India in F. Fluitman (ed), Training for Work in the Informal Sector. Geneva: International Labour Organization.

Mintz, Sidney W. (1964), "The Employment of Capital by Market Women in Haiti", in Raymond Firth and B.S. Yamey (eds), Capital, Savings and Credit in Peseant Societies, Chicago: Aldine.

NCW-ILO (1988).Women's Self-Employment in Fiji: Findings of the 1987 Survey. Suva: National Council of Women/International Labour Organization.

Pruyne, Ellen (Ed.) (1993), An End to Debt: International Guidelines for Credit Projects. New York: UNIFEM (also in Spanish and French). This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url : http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091291744X/qid=932570318/sr=1-1/002-1060514-8742442

SEEP-UNIFEM (1996), Village Banking: The State of the Practice. New York: UNIFEM.

UNIFEM (1992), A Question of Access: Training Workshops on Planning Credit Projects that take Women into Account. New York: UNIFEM

Chen, Marta (1996), Beyond Credit: A Subsector Approach to Promoting Women's Enterprises, Aga Khan Foundation Canada and the Harvard Institute for International Development (HIID).

CGAP, The Hidden Beast: delinquency in Microenterprise Credit Programs, , CGAP Briefs and Focus Notes 1-5, Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest, World Bank

This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185649084X/qid=932570362/sr=1-1/002-1060514-8742442

Kalima Rose (1992), Where women are leaders: The SEWA movement in India, Vistaar Publications, New Delhi.

Katherine Stearns (1995),Assessing the Impacts of Microenterprise Interventions: A Framework for Analysis, Accion Discussion Paper no.5, 1991 , USAID AIMS Project.

Vyas, Jayashree (1992), "Banking with Poor Self-employed Women" in Savings and Credit: The NGO Factor, Bangalore: ActionAid (India).

Wignaraja, P. (1990), Women, Poverty and Access to Credit: Innovative Approaches. New Delhi: Sage Publications This book can be ordered online from amazon.com from the following url: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803996241/qid=932570584/sr=1-6/002-1060514-8742442