The Fourth World Conference on Women
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Chapter 1. Resolution 1. Annex II - The Beijing Platform for Action
IV. Strategic Objectives and Actions
E. Women and armed conflict
Strategic objective E.1.
Strategic objective E.2.
Strategic objective E.3.
Strategic objective E.4.
Strategic objective E.5.
Strategic objective E.6.
131. An environment that maintains world peace and promotes and protects
human rights, democracy and the peaceful settlement of disputes, in accordance with the
principles of non-threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political
independence and of respect for sovereignty as set forth in the Charter of the United
Nations, is an important factor for the advancement of women. Peace is inextricably linked
with equality between women and men and development. Armed and other types of conflicts
and terrorism and hostage-taking still persist in many parts of the world. Aggression,
foreign occupation, ethnic and other types of conflicts are an ongoing reality affecting
women and men in nearly every region. Gross and systematic violations and situations that
constitute serious obstacles to the full enjoyment of human rights continue to occur in
different parts of the world. Such violations and obstacles include, as well as torture
and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, summary and arbitrary
executions, disappearances, arbitrary detentions, all forms of racism and racial
discrimination, foreign occupation and alien domination, xenophobia, poverty, hunger and
other denials of economic, social and cultural rights, religious intolerance, terrorism,
discrimination against women and lack of the rule of law. International humanitarian law,
prohibiting attacks on civilian populations, as such, is at times systematically ignored
and human rights are often violated in connection with situations of armed conflict,
affecting the civilian population, especially women, children, the elderly and the
disabled. Violations of the human rights of women in situations of armed conflict are
violations of the fundamental principles of international human rights and humanitarian
law. Massive violations of human rights, especially in the form of genocide, ethnic
cleansing as a strategy of war and its consequences, and rape, including systematic rape
of women in war situations, creating a mass exodus of refugees and displaced persons, are
abhorrent practices that are strongly condemned and must be stopped immediately, while
perpetrators of such crimes must be punished. Some of these situations of armed conflict
have their origin in the conquest or colonialization of a country by another State and the
perpetuation of that colonization through state and militaryrepression.
132. The Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons
in Time of War, of 1949, and the Additional Protocols of 1977 24/ provide that women shall
especially be protected against any attack on their honour, in particular against
humiliating and degrading treatment, rape, enforced prostitution or any form of indecent
assault. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted by the World Conference
on Human Rights, states that "violations of the human rights of women in situations
of armed conflict are violations of the fundamental principles of international human
rights and humanitarian law". 25/ All violations of this kind, including in
particular murder, rape, including systematic rape, sexual slavery and forced pregnancy
require a particularly effective response. Gross and systematic violations and situations
that constitute serious obstacles to the full enjoyment of human rights continue to occur
in different parts of the world. Such violations and obstacles include, as well as torture
and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or summary and arbitrary detention, all forms
of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, denial of economic, social and cultural
rights and religious intolerance.
133. Violations of human rights in situations of armed conflict and
military occupation are violations of the fundamental principles of international human
rights and humanitarian law as embodied in international human rights instruments and in
the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto. Gross human rights
violations and policies of ethnic cleansing in war-torn and occupied areas continue to be
carried out. These practices have created, inter alia, a mass flow of refugees and other
displaced persons in need of international protection and internally displaced persons,
the majority of whom are women, adolescent girls and children. Civilian victims, mostly
women and children, often outnumber casualties among combatants. In addition, women often
become caregivers for injured combatants and find themselves, as a result of conflict,
unexpectedly cast as sole manager of household, sole parent, and caretaker of elderly
relatives.
134. In a world of continuing instability and violence, the implementation
of cooperative approaches to peace and security is urgently needed. The equal access and
full participation of women in power structures and their full involvement in all efforts
for the prevention and resolution of conflicts are essential for the maintenance and
promotion of peace and security. Although women have begun to play an important role in
conflict resolution, peace- keeping and defence and foreign affairs mechanisms, they are
still underrepresented in decision-making positions. If women are to play an equal part in
securing and maintaining peace, they must be empowered politically and economically and
represented adequately at all levels of decision-making.
135. While entire communities suffer the consequences of armed conflict
and terrorism, women and girls are particularly affected because of their status in
society and their sex. Parties to conflict often rape women with impunity, sometimes using
systematic rape as a tactic of war and terrorism. The impact of violence against women and
violation of the human rights of women in such situations is experienced by women of all
ages, who suffer displacement, loss of home and property, loss or involuntary
disappearance of close relatives, poverty and family separation and disintegration, and
who are victims of acts of murder, terrorism, torture, involuntary disappearance, sexual
slavery, rape, sexual abuse and forced pregnancy in situations of armed conflict,
especially as a result of policies of ethnic cleansing and other new and emerging forms of
violence. This is compounded by the life-long social, economic and psychologically
traumatic consequences of armed conflict and foreign occupation and alien domination.
136. Women and children constitute some 80 per cent of the world's
millions of refugees and other displaced persons, including internally displaced persons.
They are threatened by deprivation of property, goods and services and deprivation of
their right to return to their homes of origin as well as by violence and insecurity.
Particular attention should be paid to sexual violence against uprooted women and girls
employed as a method of persecution in systematic campaigns of terror and intimidation and
forcing members of a particular ethnic, cultural or religious group to flee their homes.
Women may also be forced to flee as a result of a well-founded fear of persecution for
reasons enumerated in the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967
Protocol, including persecution through sexual violence or other gender-related
persecution, and they continue to be vulnerable to violence and exploitation while in
flight, in countries of asylum and resettlement and during and after repatriation. Women
often experience difficulty in some countries of asylum in being recognized as refugees
when the claim is based on such persecution.
137. Refugee, displaced and migrant women in most cases display strength,
endurance and resourcefulness and can contribute positively to countries of resettlement
or to their country of origin on their return. They need to be appropriately involved in
decisions that affect them.
138. Many women's non-governmental organizations have called for
reductions in military expenditures world wide, as well as in international trade and
trafficking in and the proliferation of weapons. Those affected most negatively by
conflict and excessive military spending are people living in poverty, who are deprived
because of the lack of investment in basic services. Women living in poverty, particularly
rural women, also suffer because of the use of arms that are particularly injurious or
have indiscriminate effects. There are more than 100 million anti-personnel land-mines
scattered in 64 countries globally. The negative impact on development of excessive
military expenditures, the arms trade, and investment for arms production and acquisition
must be addressed. At the same time, maintenance of national security and peace is an
important factor for economic growth and development and the empowerment of women.
139. During times of armed conflict and the collapse of communities, the
role of women is crucial. They often work to preserve social order in the midst of armed
and other conflicts. Women make an important but often unrecognized contribution as peace
educators both in their families and in their societies.
140. Education to foster a culture of peace that upholds justice and
tolerance for all nations and peoples is essential to attaining lasting peace and should
be begun at an early age. It should include elements of conflict resolution, mediation,
reduction of prejudice and respect for diversity.
141. In addressing armed or other conflicts, an active and visible policy
of mainstreaming a gender perspective into all policies and programmes should be promoted
so that before decisions are taken an analysis is made of the effects on women and men,
respectively.
Increase the participation of women in conflict resolution at
decision-making levels and protect women living in situations of armed and other conflicts
or under foreign occupation Actions to be taken
142. By Governments and international and regional intergovernmental
institutions:
(a) Take action to promote equal participation of women and equal opportunities for women
to participate in all forums and peace activities at all levels, particularly at the
decision-making level, including in the United Nations Secretariat with due regard to
equitable geographical distribution in accordance with Article 101 of the Charter of the
United Nations;
(b) Integrate a gender perspective in the resolution of armed or other conflicts and
foreign occupation and aim for gender balance when nominating or promoting candidates for
judicial and other positions in all relevant international bodies, such as the United
Nations International Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda and the
International Court of Justice, as well as in other bodies related to the peaceful
settlement of disputes;
(c) Ensure that these bodies are able to address gender issues properly by providing
appropriate training to prosecutors, judges and other officials in handling cases
involving rape, forced pregnancy in situations of armed conflict, indecent assault and
other forms of violence against women in armed conflicts, including terrorism, and
integrate a gender perspective into their work.
Reduce excessive military expenditures and control the availability of
armaments Actions to be taken
143. By Governments:
(a) Increase and hasten, as appropriate, subject to national security considerations, the
conversion of military resources and related industries to development and peaceful
purposes;
(b) Undertake to explore new ways of generating new public and private financial
resources, inter alia, through the appropriate reduction of excessive military
expenditures, including global military expenditures, trade in arms and investment for
arms production and acquisition, taking into consideration national security requirements,
so as to permit the possible allocation of additional funds for social and economic
development, in particular for the advancement of women;
(c) Take action to investigate and punish members of the police, security and armed forces
and others who perpetrate acts of violence against women, violations of international
humanitarian law and violations of the human rights of women in situations of armed
conflict;
(d) While acknowledging legitimate national defence needs, recognize and address the
dangers to society of armed conflict and the negative effect of excessive military
expenditures, trade in arms, especially those arms that are particularly injurious or have
indiscriminate effects, and excessive investment for arms production and acquisition;
similarly, recognize the need to combat illicit arms trafficking, violence, crime, the
production and use of and trafficking in illicit drugs, and trafficking in women and
children;
(e) Recognizing that women and children are particularly affected by the indiscriminate
use of anti-personnel land-mines:
(i) Undertake to work actively towards ratification, if they have not already done so, of
the 1981 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional
Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects,
particularly the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby Traps
and Other Devices (Protocol II), 26/ with a view to universal ratification by the year
2000;
(ii) Undertake to strongly consider strengthening the Convention to promote a reduction in
the casualties and intense suffering caused to the civilian population by the
indiscriminate use of land-mines;
(iii) Undertake to promote assistance in mine clearance, notably by facilitating, in
respect of the means of mine-clearing, the exchange of information, the transfer of
technology and the promotion of scientific research;
(iv) Within the United Nations context, undertake to support efforts to coordinate a
common response programme of assistance in de-mining without unnecessary discrimination;
(v) Adopt at the earliest possible date, if they have not already done so, a moratorium on
the export of anti-personnel land- mines, including to non-governmental entities, noting
with satisfaction that many States have already declared moratoriums on the export,
transfer or sale of such mines;
(vi) Undertake to encourage further international efforts to seek solutions to the
problems caused by antipersonnel land-mines, with a view to their eventual elimination,
recognizing that States can move most effectively towards this goal as viable and humane
alternatives are developed;
(f) Recognizing the leading role that women have played in the peace movement:
(i) Work actively towards general and complete disarmament under strict and effective
international control;
(ii) Support negotiations on the conclusion, without delay, of a universal and
multilaterally and effectively verifiable comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty that
contributes to nuclear disarmament and the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear
weapons in all its aspects;
(iii) Pending the entry into force of a comprehensive nuclear-test- ban treaty, exercise
the utmost restraint in respect of nuclear testing.
Promote non-violent forms of conflict resolution and reduce the
incidence of human rights abuse in conflict situations Actions to
be taken
144. By Governments:
(a) Consider the ratification of or accession to international instruments containing
provisions relative to the protection of women and children in armed conflicts, including
the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of
1949, the Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 relating to the
Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) and to the Protection
of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II); 24/
(b) Respect fully the norms of international humanitarian law in armed conflicts and take
all measures required for the protection of women and children, in particular against
rape, forced prostitution and any other form of indecent assault;
(c) Strengthen the role of women and ensure equal representation of women at all
decision-making levels in national and international institutions which may make or
influence policy with regard to matters related to peace-keeping, preventive diplomacy and
related activities and in all stages of peace mediation and negotiations, taking note of
the specific recommendations of the Secretary-General in his strategic plan of action for
the improvement of the status of women in the Secretariat (1995-2000) (A/49/587, sect.
IV).
145. By Governments and international and regional organizations:
(a) Reaffirm the right of self-determination of all peoples, in particular of peoples
under colonial or other forms of alien domination or foreign occupation, and the
importance of the effective realization of this right, as enunciated, inter alia, in the
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 2/ adopted by the World Conference on Human
Rights;
(b) Encourage diplomacy, negotiation and peaceful settlement of disputes in accordance
with the Charter of the United Nations, in particular Article 2, paragraphs 3 and 4
thereof;
(c) Urge the identification and condemnation of the systematic practice of rape and other
forms of inhuman and degrading treatment of women as a deliberate instrument of war and
ethnic cleansing and take steps to ensure that full assistance is provided to the victims
of such abuse for their physical and mental rehabilitation;
(d) Reaffirm that rape in the conduct of armed conflict constitutes a war crime and under
certain circumstances it constitutes a crime against humanity and an act of genocide as
defined in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide; 27/
take all measures required for the protection of women and children from such acts and
strengthen mechanisms to investigate and punish all those responsible and bring the
perpetrators to justice;
(e) Uphold and reinforce standards set out in international humanitarian law and
international human rights instruments to prevent all acts of violence against women in
situations of armed and other conflicts; undertake a full investigation of all acts of
violence against women committed during war, including rape, in particular systematic
rape, forced prostitution and other forms of indecent assault and sexual slavery;
prosecute all criminals responsible for war crimes against women and provide full redress
to women victims;
(f) Call upon the international community to condemn and act against all forms and
manifestations of terrorism;
(g) Take into account gender-sensitive concerns in developing training programmes for all
relevant personnel on international humanitarian law and human rights awareness and
recommend such training for those involved in United Nations peace-keeping and
humanitarian aid, with a view to preventing violence against women, in particular;
(h) Discourage the adoption of and refrain from any unilateral measure not in accordance
with international law and the Charter of the United Nations, that impedes the full
achievement of economic and social development by the population of the affected
countries, in particular women and children, that hinders their well-being and that
creates obstacles to the full enjoyment of their human rights, including the right of
everyone to a standard of living adequate for their health and well-being and their right
to food, medical care and the necessary social services. This Conference reaffirms that
food and medicine must not be used as a tool for political pressure;
(i) Take measures in accordance with international law with a view to alleviating the
negative impact of economic sanctions on women and children.
Promote women's contribution to fostering a culture of peace
Actions to be taken
146. By Governments, international and regional intergovernmental
institutions and non-governmental organizations:
(a) Promote peaceful conflict resolution and peace, reconciliation and tolerance through
education, training, community actions and youth exchange programmes, in particular for
young women;
(b) Encourage the further development of peace research, involving the participation of
women, to examine the impact of armed conflict on women and children and the nature and
contribution of women's participation in national, regional and international peace
movements; engage in research and identify innovative mechanisms for containing violence
and for conflict resolution for public dissemination and for use by women and men;
(c) Develop and disseminate research on the physical, psychological, economic and social
effects of armed conflicts on women, particularly young women and girls, with a view to
developing policies and programmes to address the consequences of conflicts;
(d) Consider establishing educational programmes for girls and boys to foster a culture of
peace, focusing on conflict resolution by non-violent means and the promotion of
tolerance.
Provide protection, assistance and training to refugee women, other
displaced women in need of international protection and internally displaced women
Actions to be taken
147. By Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations
and other institutions involved in providing protection, assistance and training to
refugee women, other displaced women in need of international protection and internally
displaced women, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
and the World Food Programme, as appropriate:
(a) Take steps to ensure that women are fully involved in the planning, design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all short-term and long-term projects and
programmes providing assistance to refugee women, other displaced women in need of
international protection and internally displaced women, including the management of
refugee camps and resources; ensure that refugee and displaced women and girls have direct
access to the services provided;
(b) Offer adequate protection and assistance to women and children displaced within their
country and find solutions to the root causes of their displacement with a view to
preventing it and, when appropriate, facilitate their return or resettlement;
(c) Take steps to protect the safety and physical integrity of refugee women, other
displaced women in need of international protection and internally displaced women during
their displacement and upon their return to their communities of origin, including
programmes of rehabilitation; take effective measures to protect from violence women who
are refugees or displaced; hold an impartial and thorough investigation of any such
violations and bring those responsible to justice;
(d) While fully respecting and strictly observing the principle of non-refoulement of
refugees, take all the necessary steps to ensure the right of refugee and displaced women
to return voluntarily to their place of origin in safety and with dignity, and their right
to protection after their return;
(e) Take measures, at the national level with international cooperation, as appropriate,
in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, to find lasting solutions to
questions related to internally displaced women, including their right to voluntary and
safe return to their home of origin;
(f) Ensure that the international community and its international organizations provide
financial and other resources for emergency relief and other longer-term assistance that
takes into account the specific needs, resources and potentials of refugee women, other
displaced women in need of international protection and internally displaced women; in the
provision of protection and assistance, take all appropriate measures to eliminate
discrimination against women and girls in order to ensure equal access to appropriate and
adequate food, water and shelter, education, and social and health services, including
reproductive health care and maternity care and services to combat tropical diseases;
(g) Facilitate the availability of educational materials in the appropriate language - in
emergency situations also - in order to minimize disruption of schooling among refugee and
displaced children;
(h) Apply international norms to ensure equal access and equal treatment of women and men
in refugee determination procedures and the granting of asylum, including full respect and
strict observation of the principle of non-refoulement through, inter alia, bringing
national immigration regulations into conformity with relevant international instruments,
and consider recognizing as refugees those women whose claim to refugee status is based
upon the well- founded fear of persecution for reasons enumerated in the 1951 Convention
28/ and the 1967 Protocol 29/ relating to the Status of Refugees, including persecution
through sexual violence or other gender-related persecution, and provide access to
specially trained officers, including female officers, to interview women regarding
sensitive or painful experiences, such as sexual assault;
(i) Support and promote efforts by States towards the development of criteria and
guidelines on responses to persecution specifically aimed at women, by sharing information
on States' initiatives to develop such criteria and guidelines and by monitoring to ensure
their fair and consistent application;
(j) Promote the self-reliant capacities of refugee women, other displaced women in need of
international protection and internally displaced women and provide programmes for women,
particularly young women, in leadership and decision-making within refugee and returnee
communities;
(k) Ensure that the human rights of refugee and displaced women are protected and that
refugee and displaced women are made aware of these rights; ensure that the vital
importance of family reunification is recognized;
(l) Provide, as appropriate, women who have been determined refugees with access to
vocational/professional training programmes, including language training, small-scale
enterprise development training and planning and counselling on all forms of violence
against women, which should include rehabilitation programmes for victims of torture and
trauma; Governments and other donors should contribute adequately to assistance programmes
for refugee women, other displaced women in need of international protection and
internally displaced women, taking into account in particular the effects on the host
countries of the increasing requirements of large refugee populations and the need to
widen the donor base and to achieve greater burden-sharing;
(m) Raise public awareness of the contribution made by refugee women to their countries of
resettlement, promote understanding of their human rights and of their needs and abilities
and encourage mutual understanding and acceptance through educational programmes promoting
cross-cultural and interracial harmony;
(n) Provide basic and support services to women who are displaced from their place of
origin as a result of terrorism, violence, drug trafficking or other reasons linked to
violence situations;
(o) Develop awareness of the human rights of women and provide, as appropriate, human
rights education and training to military and police personnel operating in areas of armed
conflict and areas where there are refugees.
148. By Governments:
(a) Disseminate and implement the UNHCR Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women and
the UNHCR Guidelines on Evaluation and Care of Victims of Trauma and Violence, or provide
similar guidance, in close cooperation with refugee women and in all sectors of refugee
programmes;
(b) Protect women and children who migrate as family members from abuse or denial of their
human rights by sponsors and consider extending their stay, should the family relationship
dissolve, within the limits of national legislation.
Provide assistance to the women of the colonies and non-self-governing
territories Actions to be taken
149. By Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental
organizations:
(a) Support and promote the implementation of the right of self- determination of all
peoples as enunciated, inter alia, in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action by
providing special programmes in leadership and in training for decision-making;
(b) Raise public awareness, as appropriate, through the mass media, education at all
levels and special programmes to create a better understanding of the situation of women
of the colonies and non- self-governing territories.
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