Gender and Sustainable Development
Annexes to Briefing Paper No. 2

Annex I	Glossary	
Annex II	Relevant International Agreements	
Annex III	UN Agencies and Intergovernmental Bodies working on women / gender & sustainable development issues: by institutions; by issues	

Annex I: Glossary 

Gender: Whereas the term ‘sex’ refers to biological differences between women and men, the term ‘gender’ refers to social differences. In societies, women and men fulfil different roles, and social stereotypes describe ‘typical’ or ‘ideal’ sets of characteristics of women and men. Based on the societal ‘images’ of what is feminine and what is masculine, individuals develop gender-specific identities. As a reflection of roles, stereotypes and identities, women and men differ with regard to motivation and behaviour. 
"Gender can be defined as the set of characteristics, roles and behaviour patterns that distinguish women from men which are constructed not biologically, but socially and culturally. The sex of an individual is biologically determined, whereas gender characteristics are socially constructed, a product of nurturing, conditioning, and socio-cultural norms and expectations. These characteristics change over time and from one culture to another. The concept of gender refers not only to women and men but also to the relations of power between them. Gender relations are constantly being renegotiated in the context of changing political, economic, social, and cultural environments at the local, national and international level." (Gita Sen, 1999)
Gender analysis reflects the correct information on how resources are allocated between men and women, highlights constraints imposed by women's socially constructed and confined roles, and proposes women-empowering policies. Assessments and indicators that address the key factors and directly relate to peoples everyday lives can be powerful instruments to raise awareness and change behaviour. Gender is a high-impact category with regard to, for example: income level; education; power / decision-making; access to credit; division of labour; access to, ownership and control of natural resources. Information on gender equity must be covered by any set of indicators aiming to capture the state of sustainable development. Social monitoring must be integrated into environmental monitoring in order to achieve sustainable development monitoring. 
Gender training: Gender training is a tool for transforming attitudes and culture at individual, institutional and community levels. The goal is to change patriarchal values and the structural and institutional practices that subordinate women, as well as to promote practices that reduce gender disparities. Gender trainers must respond to the diverse cultural backgrounds of trainees by developing appropriate modules and training methods. Gender training should be informed by prior knowledge of the cultural background, age, language and perceptions of gender of the people to be trained; Choice of a male or female trainer is based on their facilitating and training skills, not on their gender. As such they potential catalysts for change, to alter attitudes and achieve a more gender-sensitive environment.
Social norms describe generally accepted ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that people in a society agree on and endorse as right and appropriate. There are different social norms for different social groups in societies, such as those describing women’s and men’s appropriate ways to think, feel and behave. Gender specific social norms define roles for women and men to fulfil. Fulfilling these roles rewards individuals with social acceptance, whereas people who do not comply with gender roles are likely to be sanctioned (eg social exclusion).
Stereotypes are cognitive representations or impressions of a social group that people form by associating particular characteristics with the group. Many different kinds of characteristics are included in stereotypes, and they can be positive or negative. Some stereotypes accurately reflect actual differences between groups, though in exaggerated form. Other stereotypes are completely inaccurate. 
Gender stereotypes can be found in every culture and throughout history. They vary across times and cultures but there are great commonalities such as: Women are supposed to be soft-hearted, caring, submissive, dependent, affectionate, anxious, emotional, sensitive, sentimental, with a sensitive and emotional leadership style. Men are supposed to be aggressive, independent, strong, tough, autocratic, and with a dominant leadership style.
Much research has been directed to the question of how much these stereotypes are reflected in actual behaviour, thinking and feeling of women and men. Analyses have shown that men are overall more aggressive than women, particularly regarding physical rather than psychological aggression and in situations where aggression may be dangerous to oneself. Women appear to be easier to influence, particularly when influence is exerted by a group rather than through persuasive messages. Also, the difference is larger when a topic is regarded as ‘masculine’. Women are more non-verbally expressive and more non-verbally sensitive than men. As leaders, women are more democratic and men are more autocratic; however, this difference is larger in laboratory studies than of studies of leadership in the 'real world'.
Effective gender analysis reflects the correct information on how resources are allocated between men and women, highlights constraints imposed by women's socially-constructed and confined roles, and proposes women-empowering policies. Assessments and indicators that address the key factors and directly relate to peoples everyday lives can be powerful instruments to raise awareness and change behaviour. Gender is a high-impact category with regard to, for example: income level; education; power / decision-making; access to credit; division of labour; access to, ownership and control of natural resources. Information on gender equity must be covered by any set of indicators aiming to capture the state of sustainable development. Social monitoring must be integrated into environmental monitoring in order to achieve sustainable development monitoring. 
Gender mainstreaming: "Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality." (E.1997.L.10.Para.4. Adopted by ECOSOC 17.7.97)
Gender budget analysis: Gender-responsive budget analysis refers to the analysis of actual government expenditure and revenue on women and girls as compared to men and boys. Gender budgets are not separate budgets for women and they don not aim to increase spending on women specific programmes. Gender budget analysis helps governments decide how policies need to be adjusted, and where resources need to be reallocated. It provides women with an indicator of government commitment to address women's specific needs and rights to health care, education and employment. 
Gender-responsive budget analysis was pioneered in Australia in 1994, with a federal government assessment of the budget impact on women. Interest in gender-responsive budget analysis, by both governments and NGOs, accelerated following the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, 1995. The first initiative was launched in South Africa in 1995 by a group of women's NGOs and a parliamentary joint committee. This was quickly followed by similar initiatives in Uganda, Tanzania, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Today there are over 40 initiatives worldwide at varying stages of development. 
Gender budget analysis makes women's work economically visible. It shows how revenue collection and changes in tax structure can impact on women differently from men, especially in the case of single mothers and women in the unorganised sector. It creates more transparency and accountability by detailing how money allocated for women is actually spent. It is a tool for increasing productivity and GDP. For example, between 1983 and 1985, real per capita expenditure on health fell by 16 per cent in Zambia. People had to travel greater distances and wait for longer periods of time to get health care treatment. Interviews with Zambian women about how they used their time revealed that they had to spend more time caring for sick family members, including time spent in hospitals providing meals and nursing care and had less time to spend on farming. (For more information, see www.undp.org/unifem and www.gender-budgets.org).
Gender and consumption: Women’s and men’s motivation differs, ie the ways in which women and men pursue certain shared goals differ. For example, women and men share the need for social acceptance. However, based on their gender-specific roles and identities, they differ with regard to which behaviour will serve the goal of being accepted. Growing up in a society where gender roles and stereotypes prevail and up-bringing continues to be gender-specific, individuals develop gender-specific identities. What women and men think and feel about themselves is partly determined by what they have learned they should be like. People assess themselves against these social standards and develop goals of personal development in accordance (or in contradiction) with those standards. Thus, a 'gendered' social environment is reflected not only in attitudes and in overt behaviour but also in the self-concept and in personal goals (‘ideal self’). Regarding consumption we know, for example, that women first address the needs of their families, particularly their children, whereas men are more likely to spend resources for their individual needs. These priorities are related to their roles and identities – for example, a 'good woman' will care for others; a 'good man' will show his status through his possessions and habits. Another important aspect, linked to social status, is what determines attractiveness of women and men as potential partners for members of the opposite sex. Whereas women’s attractiveness is rather determined by physical attractiveness (as defined by a cultural standard), youth and friendliness, men’s attractiveness is more reliant on income level, intelligence, dominance / independence and a sense of humour. Many consumption choices can be co-determined by what makes people attractive - women investing in fashion, cosmetics and make-up, for example, and men in prestigious cars. 

Annex II: Relevant International Agreements

Earth Summit 1992 / Agenda 21, Chapter 24
Women have considerable knowledge and experience in managing and conserving natural resources. However, the role of women in achieving sustainable development has been limited by barriers such as discrimination and lack of access to schooling, land and equal employment. Chapter 24 addresses many important areas of sustainable development, pointing out barriers towards women's full and equal participation in sustainable development and in public life and making recommendations on what governments should do to overcome these barriers.
Chapter 24 urges countries to increase the proportion of women decision-makers, planners, scientists, technical advisers, managers and extension workers in environment and development fields. It is important to eliminate female illiteracy, assure girls of universal access to primary and secondary education, and provide increased post-secondary training for women in sciences and technology.
Governments should:
•	ensure a role for women in national and international ecosystem management and control of environmental degradation;
•	provide comprehensive health care, including prenatal care and the opportunity to breast-feed, and information on maternal and child health, family planning and responsible parenthood;
•	help to reduce the heavy workload on women and girls at home and outside, by working with employers and other organisations to set up affordable nurseries and kindergartens. National programmes are needed to encourage men to share household tasks equally with women;
•	provide women with better access to all forms of credit, particularly in the informal sector;
•	ensure women's access to property rights, as well as agricultural inputs and implements;
•	take all necessary measures to eliminate violence against women, and work to eliminate persistent negative images, stereotypes and prejudices against women;
•	develop consumer awareness among women to reduce or eliminate unsustainable consumption, particularly in industrialized countries. This would encourage manufacturers to offer products that are more environmentally and socially friendly;
•	begin to count the value of unpaid work, including "domestic" work when measuring the state of the economy.
Another important point is that in Agenda 21 Chapter 24, recommendations are calling mostly upon governments to take or initiate action. Other stakeholders are integrated in a less direct way and rather via governments actions having an impact on them than outlining their roles and responsibilities. Recent CSD decisions, however, have incorporated strong recognition of other stakeholders' necessary involvement and collaboration among stakeholders. 
It is important to note that women's NGOs activities during the Rio Earth Summit process, particularly the World Women's Congress in Miami, Florida, in 1991, have had a very significant impact on the process and the agreed outcomes. Involvement of women's NGOs should be increased to ensure an effective review for 2002.

Earth Summit II, the United Nations General Assembly Special Session for the Purpose of an Overall Review and Appraisal of the Implementation of Agenda 21, 1997
For the first 5 year review of implementation of Agenda 21 in 1997, the following issues were identified as particularly important to women and sustainable development (UN DPI 1997): poverty; management of natural resources; water; commercialisation of agriculture; environment and women's health; and environmental activism of women's NGOs.
In the Secretary General’s Report on Overall Progress Achieved since UNCED (January 1997), it was stated that "the implementation of specific objectives in the major groups chapters of Agenda 21 has not always achieved the level desired. For example, gender balance in decision-making has still not been achieved and national instruments to this effect are not being enforced" (Section II, para 97).
The Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, agreed in June 1997, however, does not make as many references and recommendations pertaining to women. Many of the references to women are reaffirming conclusions and recommendations stated in Agenda 21 and observing that the goals set out in 1992 have not yet been met.

At the UN Conferences and Summit following the Earth Summit in 1992, the international community looked at some of the issues addressed in Agenda 21 in more detail and depth. All of them are engaged in follow-up processes, most in 5-year reviews. Every time, attempts were work with a gender perspective, incorporating women's issues and concerns into commitments and recommendations. The following section aims at pointing out the areas that bear particular importance regarding women and sustainable development issues.

The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), Cairo 1994
ICPD built on and broadened the consensus achieved at previous conferences on population (Bucharest 1974, Mexico City, 1984). The major success of ICPD was shifting from focus on population as family planning to women's reproductive rights and reproductive health. ICPD also reflected the widespread recognition that population is inextricably linked to the full range of human development concerns - including poverty alleviation, women's empowerment and environmental protection. ICPD emphasized two themes: 
•	choices and responsibilities; 
•	the need to incorporate population considerations into all national and international efforts to achieve sustained economic growth and sustainable development. 
The overall aim was to identify actions that will make national policies and programmes more effective in meeting individual needs, especially those of women, and in bringing population into balance with available resources. Among the issues addressed and the goals and strategies agreed at ICPD were:
•	availability of family planning as part of a broader package of reproductive health services;
•	reduction infant, child and maternal mortality;
•	access to education, particularly for girls;
•	female-headed households being the poorest of the poor, partly because women have less access than men to training, credit, property, natural resources and better-paid jobs;
•	urban populations;
•	youthful populations in many countries and growing numbers of elderly persons.

ICPD+5: Review of the International Conference on Population and Development, New York 1999
The review document, 'Key Actions for the Further Implementation of the ICPD' reaffirms the international consensus agreed at ICPD and builds in many parts on its language, targets and benchmarks. The document sets out a series of recommendations on population and development issues including gender equality, equity and empowerment of women, reproductive rights and reproductive health, resource mobilization, adolescent sexual and reproductive health and HIV/ AIDS. It also addresses issues of male involvement; human rights; and partnerships with civil society in implementation. Specific benchmarks are delineated in the text including the reduction of illiteracy of women and girls, maternal mortality, young people's vulnerability to HIV/ AIDS and provision of safe and effective family planning and contraceptive methods. These benchmarks are seen as an important and effective way of guiding individual countries in reaching the goals of the Cairo Programme of Action. 

The Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing 1995
The Beijing Platform for Action (PfA) is dealing with 12 critical areas of concern:
A.	Women and poverty
B.	Education and training for women
C.	Women and health
D.	Violence against women
E.	Women and armed conflict
F.	Women and the economy
G.	Women in power and decision-making
H.	Institutional Mechanisms for the advancement of women
I.	Human rights of women
J.	Women and the media
K.	Women and the environment
L.	The girl-child
Sections A, B, C, F, G, H, and K are particularly relevant to women and sustainable development issues. Among these, Section K. might be most directly relevant to the concerns of the Earth Summit 2002 process: Based on a comprehensive analysis of the inter-relationships of crucial factors such as gender equity, poverty, unsustainable patterns of consumption and production, the destruction of ecosystems, the pollution of rural and urban environments and the depletion of resources, it is stated that „women have essential roles to play in the development of sustainable and ecologically sound consumption and production patterns and approaches to natural resource management“. Section K recommends actions by governments, Local Authorities, international organisations, private sector institutions and NGOs to 
•	involve women actively in environmental decision-making at all levels;
•	integrate gender concerns and perspectives in policies and programmes for sustainable development;
•	strengthen or establish mechanisms at the national, regional and international levels to assess the impact of development and environmental policies on women;
Recommendations are focussing on participation of women as environmental experts, managers and educators; poverty elimination; information provision and capacity-building for women; addressing research gaps; and the eradication of environmental hazards that particularly affect women. It is clearly pointed out, that co-ordination between institutions working on gender issues, on the one hand, and those working on environmental issues, on the other hand, at all levels is necessary in order to appropriately address the pressing issues.

Beijing +5
UN General Assembly Special Session, June 2000: "Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development And Peace for the 21st Century" 
Reviewing Section K. does not seem to have been a major priority in the run-up to Beijing+5. Some Regional preparatory meetings have not even addressed women and environment issues at all. The online discussion on Section K has not been very active, in terms of numbers of active participants as well as messages or interactive discussions.
Section K in the outcome document 
– NEEDS UPDATING - 

The World Summit on Social Development (WSSD), Copenhagen 1995
The Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action on Social Development deal with 10 Commitments:
•	Creating an enabling environment for social development; 
•	Eradicating absolute poverty;
•	Supporting full employment;
•	Promoting social integration based on the enhancement and protection of all human rights; 
•	Achieving equality and equity between women and men; 
•	Attaining universal and equitable access to education and primary health care; 
•	Accelerating the development of Africa and the least developed countries; 
•	Ensuring that structural adjustment programmes include social development goals; 
•	Increasing resources allocated to social development; 
•	Strengthening cooperation for social development through the UN. 
Commitment 5 is obviously relevant to women and sustainable development issues. However, Commitments 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 are important for us as well. All of them address issues, which affect women and men differently in most cases, and all of them incorporate some kind of a gender perspective. 

Copenhagen +5 / UN General Assembly Special Session, June 2000: "Achieving Social Development for All in a Globalizing World"
Review Process & outcome document: NEEDS UPDATED INFORMATION 

The World Summit on Human Settlements, Habitat II, Istanbul 1996
The main themes of the Habitat II Conference were 
•	adequate shelter for all,
•	sustainable human settlements in an urbanising world.
Section III.D. of the Habitat Agenda deals specifically with "Gender Equality". However, the primary role of women in human settlements is strongly recognised throughout the document and several clauses on gender and women were included in the Habitat Agenda. Clauses in Section D.III. and elsewhere address the following issues: women's full and equal participation in urban planning and management; women's equal access to resources, services and opportunities to employment, inheritance, ownership, credit, personal development, and decision-making; women's equal access to safe drinking water and sanitation; women's empowerment and poverty eradication; combating social exclusion and discrimination; reviewing structural adjustment in the light of gender specific impacts; practical methods to integrate gender perspectives in human settlements development; gender disaggregated data; building partnerships between people and government; education and training for women; shelter policies benefiting vulnerable groups.

Istanbul +5
Review Process & outcome document: NEEDS UPDATED INFORMATION 

The World Food Summit (WFS), Rome 1996
The Declaration and Programme of Action of the World Food Summit constitute the most comprehensive international commitments and agreements on
•	global food security
•	enhancing and empowering women's key role in household food security; and, in developing countries, throughout the food chain (production, harvesting, storage, processing/preservation, transport, marketing), and in the conservation of bio-diversity and management of land, forest and water resources.
The agreements also instituted a monitoring and review process at regional and global levels towards the benchmarks being set.

WFS Follow-Up
The follow-up process to World Food Summit reached a milestone in September 2000 with a meeting of the FAO Committee on World Food Security. The commitments under review were dealing with the following issues:
1. An enabling environment designed to create the best conditions for the eradication of poverty and for durable peace, based on full and equal participation of women and men, which is most conducive to achieving sustainable food security for all.
2. Implementing policies aimed at eradicating poverty and inequality and improving physical and economic access by all, at all times, to sufficient, nutritionally adequate and safe food and its effective utilization. 
5. Preventing and being prepared for natural disasters and man-made emergencies and to meet transitory and emergency food requirements in ways that encourage recovery, rehabilitation, development and a capacity to satisfy future needs.
7. Implementing, monitoring, and following up the WFS Plan of Action at all levels in cooperation with the international community. 
The reviews of follow-up reports on Commitments 1 and 2 will be particularly relevant to take into account when reviewing achievements and failures in the area of women and sustainable development.
Subsequent reviews will take place biannually, leading up to the mid‑term review of 2006. 
The 5 year-review, to be held in November 2001 in Rome, has recently been postponed until June 2002.
NEEDS UPDATING & ADDITIONAL INFO REGARDING THE WFS+5 COMING UP (June 2002) 

Conventions
Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): Regular national reporting to the CEDAW Committee by governments (often complemented by reports from women's NGOs) provides information on progress towards eliminating all forms of discrimination against women. The issues covered in national reports overlap with what would be required to review Agenda 21, Chapter 24.2.c; the obstacles mentioned therein constitute elements of discrimination against women. Reports to the CEDAW Committee and parallel NGO reports provide, for example, important information about legal measures and institutional mechanisms and therefore should be taken into account when reviewing the implementation of 24.2.c.
Progress on the Conventions that came out of Rio should equally be brought into the process of reviewing and looking forward. Particularly important in terms of women and sustainable development are the Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa (CCD), with its emphasis on participation (of women), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), with its emphasis of women's role in preservation of biological diversity. Work on the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) has only just begun to look at social and cultural aspects, including gender issues.

ILO labour standards
Training and promotion: Human Resources Development Convention, 1975 (No. 142) http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/scripts/convde.pl?C142 and 
Recommendation No. 150 http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/scripts/convde.pl?R150. 
Wages: Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/scripts/convde.pl?C100;
Family Rights: Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981 (No. 156) http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/scripts/convde.pl?C156 
Maternity rights: Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952 (No. 103) 
http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/scripts/convde.pl?C103; 

Against discrimination in the work place: The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/scripts/convde.pl?C111; and the 

Annex III: UN Agencies and Intergovernmental Bodies working on women / gender & sustainable development issues: by institutions

CCD: integrated community driven approaches (http://www.unccd.ch)
CEDAW Committee: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/committ.htm and -/archive.htm
FAO: gender & food security – rural economics, distribution of labour, etc.;  women & land issues (http://www.fao.org/Gender/gender.htm); World Food Programme: commitment to women (http://www.wfp.org/info/themes/gender/index.html)
WFP (World Food Programme): “commitment to women” 
ILO: more and better jobs for women; data on women & men in employment sectors, incl., for many countries, data on working hours and wages by gender (http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/gems/)
INSTRAW: finance / trade / investment (http://www.un.org/instraw); temporary labour migration of women (http://www.un.org/instraw/focus.htm#migratio); freshwater: proposed data base on water resource management at http://www.un.org/instraw/focus.htm#water; 
UNAIDS: gender and HIV / AIDS; www.unaids.org
UNCCD: integrated community driven approaches to combat desertification and drought
UNCHS (Habitat): gender & habitat programme (list programme areas); gender unit; eg women’s rights & access to land: studies of african countries (to be expanded)
UN DAW: Govts reports; Alternative NGO reports on the 12 sections; expert group meetings reports; CSW decisions (eg 1997: Environment) (http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/wecon.htm); education & training of women (http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/weduc.htm); women & health diagnosis (http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/health.htm)
UNDP: micro-finance (http://www.undp.org/gender/programmes/microstart.html, http://www.undp.org/uncdf/sum/Microstart/contents.html); 
poverty eradication http://www.undp.org/gender/programmes/poverty_programmes.html); 
health / HIV and gender (http://www.undp.org/hiv/genderlist.htm); 
technology & information technology (http://www.apgen.apdip.net/st/index.htm); 
desertification and the role of women (http://www.undp.org/seed/unso/women/); 
education & capacity building (http://www.undp.org/gender/capacity/whatiscb.html)
UNDP GIDP & UNDP: (http://www.undp.org/gender/)
UNESCO: education & capacity building / empowering women; training & educating women in the areas of science & technology (http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/women/index.html; http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/programmes/science/women/index.html)
UNFPA: migration & urbanization (http://www.unfpa.org/modules/popbkit97/migra.htm); education and capacity building / empowering women; reproductive health (http://www.unfpa.org/ICPD/round%26meetings/hague_forum/reports/forumrept-ch8.htm) 
UNHCR: environmental impact of refugee operations (http://www.unhcr.ch/environ/enviro.htm)
UNIFEM: feminization of poverty; poverty eradication (http://www.undp.org/unifem/economic.htm; http://www.undp.org/unifem/ec_pov.htm); gender & telecommunications (http://www.undp.org/unifem/ec_tech.htm)
UNRISD: gender poverty and well-being, inegrating gender into development policy (http://www.unrisd.org)
WHO: health; environmental health (http://www.who.org/frh-whd/)
World Bank: feminization of poverty (http://www.worldbank.org/gender/); trade liberalization; gender & transport (http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/transport/pol_econ/tsr.htm) 
World Tourism Organisation (WTO / OTM): sex tourism and child prostitution 

UN Agencies and Intergovernmental Bodies working on women / gender & sustainable development issues: by issues

Finance, trade and investment
World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org/gender/
UNIFEM: feminization of poverty, trade liberalization (http://www.undp.org/unifem/economic.htm)
UNDP: microcredit (http://www.undp.org/gender/programmes/microstart.html, http://www.undp.org/uncdf/sum/Microstart/contents.html), 
UN DAW / CSW (http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/wecon.htm)
Globalisation
UNHCR: minimise envirinmental impact of refugee operations (http://www.unhcr.ch/environ/enviro.htm), 
INSTRAW: temporary labour migration of women (http://www.un.org/instraw/focus.htm#migratio)
UNFPA: migration and ubanization (http://www.unfpa.org/modules/popbkit97/migra.htm)
ILO: more jobs and better jobs for women (http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/gems/)
Education and Capacity Building
UN DAW / CSW: education and training of women (http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/weduc.htm)
UNESCO: education for women (http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/women/index.html)
UNDP: education & capacity building (http://www.undp.org/gender/capacity/whatiscb.html)
Poverty Eradication 
UNIFEM: http://www.undp.org/unifem/ec_pov.htm, 
UNRISD: gender, poverty and well-being, integrating gender into development policy
UNDP: social development and poverty elimination division (http://www.undp.org/gender/, http://www.undp.org/gender/programmes/poverty_programmes.html)
Freshwater
INSTRAW: proposed database on water resource management (www.un.org/instraw/focus.htm#water)
Food
FAO: Gender & food security, rural economics, distribution of labour etc (http://www.fao.org/Gender/gender.htm)
WFP (World Food Programme): commitment to women (http://www.wfp.org/info/themes/gender/index.html)
Health	http://www.who.org/frh-whd/
UNFPA: reproductive health (http://www.unfpa.org/ICPD/round%26meetings/hague_forum/reports/forumrept-ch8.htm)
UN DAW / CSW: women and health diagnosis (http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/health.htm)
UNDP: HIV and gender (http://www.undp.org/hiv/genderlist.htm)
Science and Technology
UNIFEM: gender and telecommunications (http://www.undp.org/unifem/ec_tech.htm)
UNESCO: training and educating women (http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/programmes/science/women/index.html)
UNDP: technology and Information Technology (http://www.apgen.apdip.net/st/index.htm)
Tourism
World Tourism Organisation: child prostitution 
Transport
World Bank: gender and transport seminar (http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/transport/pol_econ/tsr.htm)
Environmental Security
UNHCR (environmental impact of refugees - http://www.unhcr.ch/environ/enviro.htm)
CBD (http://www.biodiv.org)
UNEP (http://www.unep.org; http://www.unep.ch
Housing and Shelter
UNCHS (HABITAT): Gender Habitat Programme
Land
FAO: (http://www.fao.org/Gender/gender.htm), 
UNDP: desertification and the role of women (http://www.undp.org/seed/unso/women/)
UNCHS: Campaign on Secure Tenure which will include a policy on women and land (http://www.unchs.org/tenure), in addition to on-going work of the Women & Habitat Programme
Conventions
CEDAW: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/committ.htm and -/archive.htm 
UNCCD: Integrated community driven approaches (including women) (http:www.unccd.org)
UNCBD: www.biodiv.org